General Biolgy

Directions: Please answer the following questions thoroughly based on the Microbial pie case study. All answers must be typed in RED font color, saved as an RTF document or in Microsoft WORD. Answers must be submitted in the DropBox no later than 11:59 pm October 12 th . Late assignments and assignments that are submitted in any other format than an RTF or WORD document will not be accepted and will result in a zero. Each question is worth 2 points. *** Please save you ﬁle with your last name_ ﬁrst name_microbial pie (example: Wick_Lynnette_microbial pie) prior to D2L submission. Questions (2pts each) 1. Based on the information provided in the case study, how do you think the pies became contaminated? I believe that the pies became contaminated by the strain of Escherichia coli that had leaked in her freezer from the hamburger meat that had thawed previously and came into to contact with the material she was using. Despite the fact she had supposedly cleaned everything, there could’ve been a spot she missed or where she had transferred it somewhere unknowingly. 2. What would you expect from the cultures of the counter? That there are going to be different forms of bacteria on the counter, and obviously there will more than likely be a small amount of E.coli left over from previous encounters. 3. What other objects would you culture in the kitchen? Why? I would probably take cultures from multiple places. Some of the places being the knobs of drawers/stove, handles on pots previously used, handles on the stove/refrigerator/faucet, and the rags. 4. What could be changed to prevent this from happening again? The woman could use more chemicals to clean everything, and wait awhile before cooking anything else in the kitchen. Also you make sure she were to disinfect and kill all the bacteria in the freezer. Lastly, make sure your strains of meat have not been recalled and known to make others sick. 5. How does this bacterium damage its victims? This form of bacteria had caused the victims to have abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. The damage came in multiple forms, such as bruises and small hemorrhages visible inside the mucosal lining of the mouth. RBC, hemoglobin, a platelet counts were also all the way down which could result in intense damage. References The material given to us in the “Microbial pie” document.

BIO | 116 | General Biolgy | homework | Directions: Please answer the 

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Case Study : Cystic Fibrosis Case Study Answer Sheet Type your answers in red Case Study What is the Relationship Between the Cell Membrane and Cystic Fibrosis? 1. "Woe to that child which when kissed on the forehead tastes salty. He is bewitched and soon will die” This is an old saying from the eighteenth century and describes one of the symptoms of CF (salty skin). Why do you think babies in the modern age have a better chance of survival than babies in the 18th century? I think babies in modern age have better chances of survival against the 18 th century, because technology and medicine has advanced drastically. 2. What symptoms lead Dr. Weyland to his initial diagnosis? There were salt crystals present on the baby’s skin. 3. Consider the graph of infections, which organism stays relatively constant in numbers over a lifetime?What organism is most likely affecting baby Zoey? The organism “Burkholderia capacia” remained consistent throughout the entire graph mainly for infants . 4. Explain how the CF gene affects the cell membrane. The CF gene is responsible for making a protein called “cystic fibrosis”, and channels mucus, sweat, saliva, and digestive enzymes across the cell membrane. When this gene is defective, this disrupts the balance of salt and water in the passageways. Part II: CF is a disorder of the cell membrane. 5. Compare the normal and the mutant CFTR protein. How would you correct the mutant protein if you had the ability to tinker with it on a molecular level? I would alter the shape, so chloride ions can pass through it. 6. Why would treatment that targets the CFTR channel not be effective for ⅔ of those with cystic fibrosis? Because the receptor is not produced. 7. Sweat glands cool the body by releasing perspiration (sweat) from the lower layers of the skin onto the surface. Sodium and chloride (salt) help carry water to the skin's surface and are then reabsorbed into the body. Why does a person with cystic fibrosis have salty tasting skin? Because the salt travels to the skin's surface with the water and is not reabsorbed. Part III: No cell is an island 8. Which mutation do you think would be easiest to correct? Justify your answer. Mutation class one, because this gene contains a stop system that prevented CTFR from being made. 9. Consider what you know about proteins, why does the "folding" of the protein matter? Failure to fold properly produces inactive or toxic proteins that malfunction and cause several diseases . Part IV: Open Sesame 10. Compare the action of the ligand gated channel to how an enzyme works. Substrates bind to enzymes just like ligands bind to proteins. 11. Consider the model of the membrane channel, what could go wrong to prevent the channel from opening? The receptor has the wrong shape. 12. Where is ATP generated in the cell? How might ATP production affect the symptoms of cystic fibrosis? ATP is generated in the mitochondria. If there isn’t enough ATP, the channels will not work. 13. Label the image to the right to show how the ligand gated channel for CFTR works. Include a summary or how this channel works. The Ion can then flow through the channel from one side of the cell membrane to the other. Part V: Can a Drug Treat Zoey's Condition?

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